Indirect Statement:

• It needs a verb of the head to introduce it (thinking, feeling, hearing, speaking, etc.)
• Main clause with head verb + accusative subject + infinitive + rest of sentence.
• Example:
  We believe him to be an enemy of the state.
  Credemus eum inimicum civitati esse.
• If there is any other kind of subordinate clause, like a relative clause, inside of the indirect statement, then that subordinate clause is subjunctive.
• Example:
  We believe him, who killed Cotta, to be an enemy of the state.
  Credemus eum qui Cottam necaverit inimicum esse.

Purpose Clause:

• It is used to show purpose.
• Main clause + particle + purpose clause
• Particles: ut/uti = + ; ne/ut ne = -
• Example:
  Aurelia went to the forum to buy food.
  Aurelia ad forum venit ut cibum emeret.
• Like indirect statement, subordinate clauses inside of the purpose clause are also subjunctive. This rule really applies to all subordinate clauses inside of subjunctive clauses.

Relative Clause of Purpose (aka Qui Purpose Clause):

• Introduced by the relative pronoun, qui, or a relative adverb (ubi, unde, quo, etc.). The antecedent is expressed or implied in the main clause.
• Example:
  L. Decidius Saxa is sent to examine the ground.
  L. Decidius Saxa mittitur qui loci naturam perspiciat.
• Example:
  The commander sent the soldiers to slaughter the people of Carthage.
  Imperator milites misit qui populum Carthaginis trucidarent.

Quo Purpose Clause:

• Used when there is a comparative in the subjunctive clause.
• Particle = quo ( = ut eo)
• Example:
  The soldiers trained so that they might/would fight better in battles, which they must win.
  Milites exercuerunt quo melius in proeliis, quae eis vincenda essent, pugnarent.

Result Clause:

• Used with “so” words in the main clause.
• “so” words include:
• Tantus, -a ,-um - so great, so much
• Tantum - so much, so greatly (no adjective needed)
• Adeō - so much, so greatly (no adjective needed)
• Ita - so, thus
• Tam - so
• Tālis - such; so great
• Sīc - thus, so
• Particles: ut = + ; ut non = -
• “So” word + adjective/adverb (if applicable) + main verb + particle + subjunctive clause
• Your mom was so fat that she broke the chair.
• Mater tua tam crassa erat ut sellam frangeret.

Indirect Command/Substantive Clause of Purpose:

• Uses a verb of warning, asking, or commanding (impero, rogo, peto, oro, moneo, persuadeo, hortor)
• Particles: ut = +; nē = -
• Main clause + particle + subjunctive clause
• He ordered the boy to go to Rome
• Puero imperavit ut Romam adīret

Indirect Question:

• Head verb + interrogative particle + subjunctive clause
• Uses any question word to introduce the subordinate clause (ubi, unde, quo, quare, cur, quis, qui, quo modo, quantus)
• The boy asked why the king had died.
• Puer rogabat cur rex interiisset

Relative Clause of Characteristic:

• Indefinite subject + relative pronoun + subjunctive verb
• Describes the sort of person/thing/group of people someone or something belongs to.
• English translation: “the *subject* is the sort” or “of the type who would/might”
• Common to see nemo or aliqui set it up
• He was the sort of guy who would run crying to his mommy.
• Erat qui ad matrem lacrimans curreret

Positive Doubt Clause:

• Doubt + acc + infinitive
• Really this is just indirect statement

Negative Doubt Clause:

• Negative + verb + quin + subjunctive verb
• Quin = qui + non
• The boy does not doubt that the king was loved
• Puer non dubitat quin rex amatus sit

Proviso Clause:

• “Provided that” or “so/as long as”
• Main clause + particle + subjunctive
• Particles = dum, modo, dummodo, tantum ut/ne, ita ut/ne
• Ne is used to negate when particle is either dum, modo, or dummodo.
• “Oderint dum metuant”
• “Let them hate so long as they fear”

Anticipatory Subjunctive:

• Dum = for/until
• The boy is rashly waiting for the king to return
• Puer temere exspectat dum rex veniat

Hindering and Preventing:

• Verb of hindering/preventing + particle + subjunctive
• Particles =
• Quin = (-)
• Ne = (+)
• Quominis = (+ or -)
• Common verbs:
• Deterreo = to hinder/deter
• Impedio = prevent/hinder
• Interdico = forbid
• Obsto = block, oppose, prevent, hinder
• Recuso = refuse
• Retineo = restrain, hold back (from)
• There are two verbs that NEVER take this clause and instead use acc+inf:
• Veto = forbid
• Prohibeo = prohibit (mostly)

Fear Clause:

• Verb of fearing
• Particles = ne(+);ut/ne non(-)
• The Senate feared that Caesar was too powerful.
• Senatus metuit ne Caesar potentior esset

Optative Subjunctive:

• This is an independant use of the subjunctive.
• Utinam + (ne) subjunctive (ne negates the clause)
• Utinam = if only; would that; I wish that
• Velim can be used in place of utinam
• Does not use the perfect tense
• Example:
  Would that the king, who rules the fatherland, may live!"
  Utinam rex, qui patriam regat, vivat.

Substantive Clause of Result:

• The entire substantive clause can be used as either the subject or object of the main verb.
• ut(+);ne(-)
• Example:
  Accidit ut esset luna plena
  It happened that the moon was full.
• Example:
  Cum viderem fore ut non possem
  When I saw that I should not be able
• Example:
  Est mos hominum ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus excellere
  It is the custom of men to not want one man to excel in many things
• Example:
  Efficiam ut intellegatis
  I will make you understand
• Example:
  Perfeci ut e regno ille discederet
  I brought about his departure from the kingdom